‘Revolutionary suicide’
Three decades ago on Nov. 19, the Guyanese government dispatched troops to Jonestown, the agricultural settlement Jones and his followers had established in South America’s northeast corner. There they found the catastrophic result of Jones’ suicide order: More than 900 bodies lay scattered on the ground. About a third of the dead were under 18.
Jones had ordered his followers to kill themselves after Rep. Leo Ryan, D-San Mateo, visited the compound on a fact-finding trip and left with a group of Temple members who wanted to defect. For Jones, those defections were shattering. A Temple security squad followed Ryan’s group and fired on them, killing Ryan and four others.
When people recall Jonestown, they usually remember the suicides. They know less about the man. Jones was born in 1931 into a poor family in Lynn, Ind. He was the son of a disabled World War I veteran. By the 1950s he had become a pastor in Indianapolis, and in 1956, he opened his own church, Peoples Temple.
In the mid-1960s, Jones and more than 100 followers moved to Redwood Valley, about 125 miles north of San Francisco. In his sermons, Jones preached social justice and promised that he – “Dad” – would care for his people.
In 1972, Jones moved his church to an auditorium at Fillmore Street and Geary Boulevard in San Francisco. The city he settled in was in transition.
Manufacturing plants were moving out of town. Waves of Asian and Latino immigrants, along with gays and lesbians, were transforming areas that had been home to the working-class Irish and Italians. In the Fillmore District, affluent whites were buying homes that African Americans had owned or rented. In this city of the ’70s, Jones’ church attracted hundreds of new members.
It was an only-in-San Francisco phenomenon, said U.S. Attorney Joe Russoniello, who later successfully prosecuted Temple follower Larry Layton on conspiracy charges in connection with Ryan’s murder. “I don’t know of any other place in the country where Jones could have gone as far as he did,” Russoniello said.
In his church, Jones gave sermons advocating liberal ideals – pushing integration, attacking sexism, urging care for the poor. But behind the scenes, there was another, darker world: Jones, who was married, had many affairs with female and male followers and bragged about his conquests. He staged healing “miracles” by touching the ill and injured. And when church members committed relatively inconsequential misdeeds, such as not listening closely enough to Jones’ sermons, there were public beatings with a belt or paddle.